There’s no doubt Australia’s construction industry is facing tough times.
COVID-19 has caused migration to slow to a trickle. Some 2.6 million Australians have either lost their jobs or had their hours cut in the past two months. Many economists expect property prices to fall.
It all adds up to fewer homes being built in the coming months. That means fewer jobs in the construction industry, which employs nearly one in 10 Australians. The sector has already lost nearly seven percent of its workforce since March.
The federal government is set to announce a stimulus package for the construction sector as soon as this week. But what should it include?
The Morrison government has signalled it will offer cash grants of at least $20,000 to buyers of newly built homes. Unlike past schemes that have targeted first home buyers, it seems these new grants will be available to everyone including upsizers and investors. Grants may also be extended to renovations.
Large handouts would prompt some more residential construction by encouraging some people to bring forward their home purchases. It’s why in 2008, the Rudd government tripled the first home-buyer grant to $21,000 for new homes in response to the Global Financial Crisis.
But under such schemes, governments also end up giving grants to people who would have bought a home anyway. Even the more pessimistic industry forecasts expect 110,000 homes to be built in Australia next year. Giving $20,000 to all of these home buyers would cost $2.2 billion without adding a single construction job. Grants of $40,000 would double the bill.
That’s a lot of spending for little economic gain.
And grants to home buyers do not actually make housing more affordable. They are typically passed through into higher house prices, which benefits sellers more than buyers. In this case, that is likely to include developers eager to clear their existing stock of both newly and nearly built homes.
Cash grants for renovations would likely hit the economy quicker since they don’t necessarily require building approvals. But they bring their own problems. Grants will likely see in-demand tradies raise their prices, especially if the government is effectively paying for most of the work done. It will also be harder for officials administering the scheme to determine if the work has been done before paying out the money.
Nor is it clear the renovation sector needs further stimulus: reports suggest COVID-19 is driving a renovation boom across many parts of Australia. Research by credit bureau Illion and economic consultancy AlphaBeta shows spending on home improvements is already 33% higher than pre-COVID levels.
There’s a better way to support residential construction without providing such big windfalls to developers: fund the building of more social housing.
Social housing — where rents are typically capped at no more than 30% of household income — provides a safety net to vulnerable Australians.
In particular, the Morrison government should repeat another GFC-era policy, the Social Housing Initiative, under which 19,500 social housing units were built and another 80,000 refurbished over two years, at a cost of $5.2 billion.
Under the initiative, the federal government funded the states to build social housing units directly or contract community housing providers to act as housing developers.
Public residential construction approvals spiked within months of the announcement.
Building 30,000 new social housing units today would cost between $10 billion and $15 billion.
As state governments and community housing providers would not have to worry about finance, marketing and sales, they would be able to start building homes more quickly than the private sector.
The boost to the economy would be immediate.
Just as importantly, building social housing would also help to tackle the growing scourge of homelessness. In the most recent Census (2016), more than 116,000 people identified as being homeless, up from 90,000 a decade earlier.
The drivers of homelessness are complex. However, the best Australian evidence and international experience shows that social housing substantially reduces tenants’ risk of homelessness. But Australia’s stagnating social housing stock means there is little flow of social housing available for people whose lives take a big turn for the worse.
Funding social housing won’t boost house prices or provide windfalls for developers. It will do more to keep construction workers on the job, while also helping some of our most vulnerable Australians.
This article was first published on The Conversation.
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Brendan Coates is a program director of economic policy at the Grattan Institute.
