So far this year we have seen solid gains in global share markets. Economic news has been positive with receding tail risks regarding Europe, greater confidence of continued growth in the US and some lessening worries about China.
But there was also a burst of confidence in early 2010 and early 2011, which gave way through the June and September quarters of both years to worries about a dip back into global recession. As a result, many naturally fear the same will happen this year. Here we will take a look at some of the risks.
In 2010, shares rose solidly into April with Australian shares rising above the 5000 level. However, shares fell sharply in the June quarter on the back of worries about the ending of the first round of US quantitative easing (QE1), the intensification of the European debt crisis, a fall in business conditions in the US and China and worries about the impact of central bank tightening (in China, several emerging countries and Australia).
From their highs in April to mid-year lows, US shares fell 16%, global shares fell 15% and Australian shares fell 15% before rallying solidly into year-end.
Similarly in 2011, shares started the year well with US shares making it above pre-Lehman levels and Australian shares getting back to 5000. However, once again shares and other risk related assets were hit, starting in the June quarter and this time continuing into October.
The drivers were the Japanese earthquake and resulting supply chain disruptions, a surge in oil prices in response to civil wars in the Middle East, rising inflation particularly in emerging countries, the end of QE2 in the US, monetary tightening (in China and Europe), falls in business conditions indicators globally, America’s debt ceiling impasse and debt downgrade, worries about significant US fiscal drag in 2012 and a renewed intensification of the European debt crisis.
This time the correction was even more severe with US shares falling 19% from their April high to their October low, global shares falling 21% and Australian shares falling 22%.
Several considerations suggest there is a risk of a re-run of the past two years.
Yet again, share markets have started the year off strongly with US and global shares up 12% year to date and Australian shares up 5%. (Australian shares are up but still lagging thanks to relatively higher interest rates, the strong $AUD and worries regarding China.)
Oil prices have surged on the back of strong emerging country demand and tensions regarding Iran.
There is still uncertainty regarding a hard landing in China, Brazil has slowed to just 1.4% and India has slowed but still has inflation issues.
The Eurozone has likely now entered recession. Greece may still have a messy default and there is a risk that Portugal may follow the same path as Greece.
Investors might start to fret about the US election, particularly the huge fiscal drag equal to 3.5% of GDP that will occur next year as the Bush era tax cuts expire and various other stimulus programs end. Alternatively, investors might start to fret about another US rating downgrade if it’s thought the Presidential election will result in an outcome that makes it hard for agreement on a long-term plan to get the deficit down.
Bond yields are starting to rise and this may pressure growth and share markets. However, there are a number of counters to this: Shares are cheaper than at their early 2010 and 2011 in terms of the earnings yield pick up they provide over Government bonds.
This can be seen in the next chart.
The US housing sector looks like it’s bottoming, with a rise in homebuilders’ conditions pointing to a further improvement in housing starts ahead and falling delinquencies pointing to a peaking in foreclosures.
Business conditions indicators, notably the US ISM index, have improved after last year’s falls but haven’t yet reached the cyclical highs they got to a year ago. In other words, there could still be plenty more upside.
US politicians are likely to come to some sort of agreement to slow the short-term fiscal drag – just as they did last year.
The situation in Europe is improving. The ECB has provided cheap three-year funding to Eurozone banks heading off the risk of a GFC-style funding crisis. Greece has received a second bailout and the portion of its debt owed to private bondholders has been cut by more than 50%.
While risks surround Portugal, it is much smaller than Greece and, given it has followed its bailout terms precisely, Eurozone officials appear more open to supporting it.
The European debt firewall looks likely to be expanded by combining the remaining €240 billion in the existing bailout fund (EFSF) with the €500 billion in the new bailout fund (ESM) which should clear the way for additional IMF support.
So if Greece does enter a messy default its impact on the rest of Europe should be manageable. Reflecting all this, the spreads between Italian, Spanish and French bond yields on the one hand and German bond yields on the other have narrowed.
Global monetary policy has been easing. Bank reserve ratios have been cut in China and India. Interest rates have been falling in emerging countries including Russia and Brazil, and in Europe and Australia. The European Central Bank, the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan have all expanded their quantitative easing programs (pumping cash into their economies).
The Fed has undertaken Operation Twist to keep long-term bond yields down and has been undertaking a mild form of QE via the provision of cheap dollar funding and has extended its commitment to keep interest rates to near zero out to late 2014. This is very different to a year ago when global monetary conditions were actually tightening.
While the generational lows and, in some cases, record lows seen in bond yields, combined with extreme investor positioning in bond funds, point to the risk of a 1994 style bond crash this seems unlikely. The rise in bond yields in 1994 was underpinned by a significant rise in official cash rates in the US, Europe and Australia, but that is extremely unlikely this time around. If anything the Fed is likely to intervene at some point to ensure that the rise in long bond yields doesn’t go too far if it looks like adversely affecting the economic outlook.
It’s also the case that so far bond yields are still well below year ago highs. For example, the US ten-year bond yield at 2.4% compares to a high of 3.6% last April and the Australian ten-year bond yield at 4.3% compares to a high of 5.7% last April.
Finally, it seems everyone is talking about the rally in shares as being unsustainable and the likelihood of a rerun of the last two years. When everyone expects something, sometimes it doesn’t happen.
On balance, while there will likely be bouts of volatility, and the period from May to October is often weak, we remain of the view that this year will be far better for risky assets like shares than the last two have been.
Nevertheless, it’s still early days yet, so we suggest watching the following indicators:
Behavioural finance reminds us that investors have a tendency to give more weight to recent experience than is rationally justified.
The last two years have seen an outbreak of double dip worries from around April/May resulting in 15% plus falls in share markets, so it’s natural to assume the same this year.
But things are rarely that simple and while some sort of correction is almost inevitable in the months ahead, there is a good chance that after two years of disappointing returns shares will surprise on the upside this year.
Given that shares are cheap relative to alternatives, monetary conditions are very easy and there is lots of money piled up in bond funds that could flow into shares, my bias is the latter. But it’s early days yet and so worth keeping an eye on Italian, Spanish and French bond yields, the US ISM index, Chinese money supply growth, the $AUD and oil prices.
Dr Shane Oliver is Head of Investment Strategy and Chief Economist at AMP Capital.
Andrew Sadauskas is a former journalist at SmartCompany and a former editor of TechCompany.
